The Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Science

The experiments were conducted at the plant tissue culture lab of the College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad to study the role of some culture medium components on the in vitro production of two cultivars of potato. Explants (tuber sprouts) excised from two cultivars of potato, Burren and Riviera, were surface sterilized with sodium hypochlorite at 1.5% and cultured on basal MS medium to obtain shoots. The obtained shoots were cultured on MS medium supplemented with BA and GA3 at 0.5 and 0.4 mg.L-1, respectively for shoot multiplication. Shoots were divided into 2-3 nodal segments and cultured on MS medium to promote microtubers formation, Shoot segments were cultured on MS medium supplemented with five concentrations of Jasmonic acid at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg.l-1 in combinations with Potassium nitrate at 0.5X, 1X, 1.5X and 2X from the recommended strength of KNO3 in MS medium. Results showed that Riviera cultivar cultured on MS medium supplemented with JA at 1 mg.L-1 and KNO3 at 1.5X gave the highest number of microtubers of 5.30 tuber.plant-1, tuber diameter of 9.15 mm, fresh weight of 0.59 g, dry weight percentage of 26.26%, and starch percentage of 19.40% while Burren cultivar cultured on MS media supplemented with two concentrations of JA at 1.5, 2 mg.L-1 and 2 mg.L-1 and KNO3 at 2X gave the most significant potassium percentage of 2.72%.The above results can be adopted on in vitro production of microtubers of Burren and Riviera potato cultivars successfully.

The universities on-campus external spaces represent the urban ecological view, which should be characterized by some environmental parameters that achieve comfort and self-vitality and promote social interactions among university personals. The University of Baghdad, aljadriah campus, was selected as an urban ecosystem for further practical study. Data were collected according to a field survey for selected outer spaces in addition to visual and locational observations. Forms of the questionnaire were randomly distributed among university’s students, data were collected in Microsoft Excel and analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS), and means were compared according to the least significant differences (LSD) test. Results showed that walking, comfort, and relaxation were the most significant among the parameters used in this study with a weight of 84.50 and 83.50, respectively. One of the most important employments of vegetation in university’s outer spaces is highlighting the differences in landscape elements and provide a broad spectrum of colors, shadings, and linings with weights of 94.67, 87.33, and 80.00, respectively. As for the shelters, they preferred the separated and stripped ones above walking and seating areas. Water elements also played a significant role in contributing to the landscape vitality in addition to its importance to the surrounding ecosystem. It was preferred to be seen as fountains with a percentage of 47.37%. Plants natural shading was also preferred by 50% when compared to artificial shading. Finally, 37.89% preferred that walkways are paved with natural stones.

The objective of this study evalution response of eight of potato cultivars growth to salt stress. Eight potato imported varieties were chosen: Almondo, Arizona, Buren, Everest, Riviera, Rudolph,Sever and Sylvana. In vitro cultures of these varieties were established in order to study the effect of various concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM of NaCl) on some in vitro growth parameters of shoots. Results showed that the Riviera variety was tolerate to NaCl salt stress condition at the saline concentrations used for vegetative growth parameters followed by Arizona and Buren. As for the chlorophyll content at the saline concentrations, no chlorophyll content was produced in 150 and 200 mM. There were significant differences in the content of proline with the increasing saline stress and increased the starch content in the vegetative parts at 100 mM NaCl and a decrease in the percentage of carbohydrates was observed by increasing saline concentrations. Dendogram of the genetic relationship using the UPGMA method and based on the Euclidean algorithm of phenotypic characteristics showed that the potato varieties were divided into two main groups and with 5.8 genetic distance. The above results can be employed in potato breeding and improvement for salts tolerance programs.

This experiment was conducted in the research fields, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadrya site during winter season (1/12/2015) to the end of summer season (31/8/2016) to investigate the influence of Bio-Fertilizers of four varieties of lawn grasses and their mixture on the growth of these grasses.The study included four varieties of lawn grasses one of them was from the warm season while the other three varieties were from cold season. Four mixture of those varieties were mixed in different percentage and eight treatments were prepared as follows: (T1) Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), (T2) Kentucky blue grass (Poa pratensis), (T3) Long fescue grass (Festuca arundinacene), (T4) Ray grass (Lolium perennel), (T5) A mixture of Bermuda grass and Kentucky blue grass at 80:20, (T6) A mixture of Bermuda grass and Long fescue grass at 80:20, (T7) A mixture of Bermuda grass and Ray grass at 80:20, (T8) A mixture of Bermuda grass and Kintucky grass and Long fescue grass and Ray grass at 70:10:10:10. Two levels of Bio-Fertilizers were used. The first without Bio-Fertilizers (B0) and the second level was Bio-Fertilizers with a mixture of Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum brasilin (B1).The vegetative, roots growth and visual characters were studied. The experiment was carried out using split plot design with 16 treatments in three replicates. Results were analyzed using Genstat, means were compared using L.S.D at 5% level of significance. Results showed a significant effect of plant type on the studied traits:The highest percentage of phosphor and potassium in Bermuda grass during summer season(0.36, 1.61%), the highest dry matter percentage in vegetative parts in summer seasons (43.79%), roots long (30.38cm), the nitrogen percentage(1.39%) and dry matter in the roots.The Long fescue grass showed a significant increase in the nitrogen at summer season (2.37%) and the percentage of potassium in winter season (2.17%). The Kentucky blue grass was characterized by high percentage of nitrogen, dry matter in winter season (1.68, 25.33%) and the degree of color winter season(8.26). The Bio-Fertilizers in all treatments significantly increased all the studied characters.

A Field experiment was carried out in the winter season 2015- 2016 in county Rasheed south of Baghdad, In order to Increasing the efficiency of water use of wheat plant by anti-transpiration manufactured compared with commercial anti-transpiration. Gelatin with two concentration 0.5 and 1.5% and pure gelatin with 1.5%, in the growth and yield of wheat Triticum aestivum L. Then Compared to Commercial anti- transpiration armourax, with water stress levels which is used three levels of water depletion: 40, 60 and 80 of available water. The experiment was designed by using RCBD, with the split plot design with three replications. The results were related negatively between moisture depletion and growth parameters, yield as well as the increasing depletion moisture were caused plummeted vegetative growth parameters, yield and component yield, expected water use. So the surplus of water has been significant in both of treats 60 and 80% compared to 40% depletion of water irrigation, while both of treatments were provided amount of water, will be able to irrigate extra-Land approximately 0.34 and 0.44 hectare for both treats respectively, in addition that, anti-transpirations were reduced the impacts of water stress in most of growth parameters, yield, water use efficiency and Profitability of irrigation water. This indicates the ability of anti-transpirations (organic) to reduce water stress damages in some of vegetative treats and yield of wheat.

In order to evaluate soybeans genotypes in two locations, five selected in sixth generation of selection were used with nursery in Baghdad, using RCBD with three replication. The results raveled superiority of selected promising genotypes in growth duration, flowers, plant height and number of branches, and yield component, as a number of plant bodes, 100 seed weight and number of seeds in bodes, especially genotype C, which produced seeds yield (2758 kg h-1). Genotypes D was the best in oil content (23.05%), while B genotype was highest in protein content (43.9%) compare with local variety, which gave lower values for all growth traits, when grown in different environments. It could be conclude that the hybridization impacted improving the traits of growth, yield, protein and oil percent and selection of the genotype, as well as the superiority of genotypes promising when grown in different environments. So, can be conclude planting genotypes in several seasons and locations, under the influence of package integrated technologies prior to their adoption factors.

The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of replacing part of mineral fertilizers, by organic or bio fertilizers and effect of these fertilizers on grain yield and its components of maize (Zea mays L.). Field experiment was conducted at Abu Ghraib Research Station (Baghdad) during spring and fall seasons of 2016 using a randomized complete block design arranged in split plot with three replications .Three synthetic varieties of maize (Fajr 1 , Baghdad 3 and Sumer) in the main plots and nine fertilizer treatments which were : 100% NPK as recommended, NPK + sulfur, NPK + organic fertilizer, NPK + Bio fertilizer, NPK + Humic acid,50% NPK + sulfur,50% NPK + organic fertilizer,50% NPK + Bio and50% NPK + Humic acid in the sub plots . The results showed that the varieties Baghdad 3 gave highest value for most yield components for both seasons. 100% NPK+ organic fertilizers was superior in grain yield and most components (No. of ears per plant, No. of rows per ear, No. of grain per row and grain yield) most the combination between Fajir 1 and 100%NPK + organic fertilizers gave the highest grain yield about 10.381, 11.758 m h-1 respectively.

To study the effect of mineral fertilizers (NPK), Organic and Bio-fertilizers on grain yield of bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.). A field experiment was conducted during 2014-2015, 2015-2016 at the experimental farm of Field Crop Department, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad ,Iraq. A split plot arrangement within RCBD, using four replications for two varieties at the main plots and 14 fertilizer treatments at the sub plots:T0 (control) ,T1 (mineral fertilizer as recommended), T2 (bio-fertilizer), T3 (organic fertilizer), T4 (bio+ organic fertilizers), T5(mineral fertilizer +bio- fertilizer), T6(50% mineral fertilizer + bio-fertilizer), T7 (25% mineral fertilizer+ bio-fertilizer), T8(mineral fertilizer+ organic fertilizer), T9(50% mineral fertilizer+ organic fertilizer), T10(25% mineral fertilizer+ organic fertilizer), T11 (mineral fertilizer+ organic fertilizer + bio-fertilizer), T12 (50% mineral fertilizer + organic fertilizer + bio-fertilizer), T13(25% mineral fertilizer + organic fertilizer + bio- fertilizer). The results showes the V. Buhooth 22 was superior in No. of spikes (436.2,474.9) spikem-2, No. of grains (65.73,70.96) grain spike-1, grain yield (5.52,5.79) ton h-1 and biological yield (14.90,15.51) ton h-1 for both seasons. The Integrated treatment T11 (mineral fertilizer + bio-fertilizer + organic fertilizer) was superior in grain yield (5.71,6.11) ton h-1,biological yield (15.35,15.92) ton h-1 for both seasons. It can be concluded a possibility to substitute a part of mineral fertilizers by bio+organic fertilizers.

This study was conducted at the Ruminants Researches Station (25 km west of Baghdad) as well as the Directorate for Agricultural Researches / Ministry of Agriculture, as from the Reproductive laboratory at the College of Agriculture/University of Baghdad from 01/03/2015 to 15 / 09/2015 on sample 94 awassi dams . In order to study effect infection on production traits to growth traits , The percentage of healthy dams was 70.21%, while the proportion of ewes was 29.79% and the differences between the two were highly significant (P <0.01) The results of the current study showed that the percentage distribution of the difference between the parasite type of the sheep infected with the parasites is significantly different (P <0.05) among them. Body weights and mean weight gain were affected significantly (P <0.05) by parasite type a parasite, at birth day was the maximum means of the weight of the lambs of 3.36 ± 0.19 kg for the lambs resulting from dams infected with more of type parasites while lambs resulting from infected dams Theileria came the lowest weight at birth 2.83 ± 0.15 kg The characteristics of the production of milk and the length of the milk season did not significantly affect the difference in the type of parasite in the blood of dams that had Anaplasma, Thailleria,Babesia,or multipl.

The current study was conducted to test Shabout’s (Arabibarbus grypus) sperms ability for long-term cryopreservation under liquid nitrogen (-196ºC) using two different extenders and two different cryoprotectants to compare and chose the best. The semen of mature fishes collected from Al-Radwania man-made lakes during 2015 spring spawning season were used in this study. The semen was collected by manual abdominal stripping without using any hormones or anesthetizes and its sperms were tested for surviving and activity throw cryopreserving process in liquid Nitrogen using two different extenders (Zhang & Liu vs. Calcium-free Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution) with methanol in 10% as cryoprotectant for the first extender and glycerol in the same percent with the second and considering the motility rate as indicator for survival and activity during prefreezing and post thawing processes. The obtained quantities of semen ranged between 1-9 ml with mean volumes of 4.6 ml. Sperm motility rate using Zhang & Liu with 10% methanol was better in prefreezing diluents over Hank’s, its motility rates ranged between 80-95% with mean 87.5%, while Hank’s sperms motility results ranged between 50-95% with mean 69%. This situation was inverted after freezing and thawing, because Zhang and Liu solution lost 57.5% of its sperms motility while Hank’s with glycerol lost only 40%, thus Hank’s sperms motility mean reached 50% while Zhang and Liu was 30%. From these results we can infer that Shabout’s sperms has the ability to be cryopreserved in liquid Nitrogen and c-f Hank’s solution with 10% glycerol as cryoprotectant better than Zhang and Liu with methanol for long-term cryopreservation though, we can use Zhang and Liu solution also for short-term Shabout’s sperms cool preservation.

This study was conducted at the poultry farm Animal Production Department, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Abu Ghraib, for the period from 19/9/2016 to 30/10 / 2016. (42 days) The object of this study was effect of adding different levels of tamarind pulp (0, 5, 15, 25 g / L ) to the drinking water on productive traits of broiler chicken. A total of 120 unsexed Ross 308, one day old, an initial weight 41.5 g was used in the experiment. Chicks were fed on starter diet for the first three weeks of age and finisher diet for the 4,5 and 6 weeks of age. Birds were distributed to four treatments, The first T0 control (without any addition), The second T5, third T15 and fourth T25 treatment added tamarind pulp in the drinking water in concentrations 5, 15 and 25 g / L drinking water respectively. The results indicated that the use tamarind pulp in drinking water in concentration 5 g / L water led to Significant improvement (P<0.05) in body weight, average body weight gain and Relative Growth Rate, while no significant differences was observed in Feed intake and feed conversion ratio, water intake rate, consumption of water to feed, the values of the Production Index, mortality rate between the control and concentrations treatments Significant improvement (P<0.05) in carcass weight, percentage weight to gizzard for male in T15 in comparison with the control, and The results showed significant improvement (P<0.05) in back cut weight for female in T5 in gizzard weight for male in T15. and The results showed significant decrease in liver weight for male in T5, percentage weight abdominal fat for both sex mix in T15, and not observed significant differences in heart weight for all treatments and both sex. Conclude from the study that the use of tamarind pulp at concentrate 5 g/ L in drinking water of broiler water leading to improvement productive performance birds of broiler.

Two pots experiments were conducted one of silty clay loam texture and the other in loamy sand texture by planting barley crop variety “Samir” to evaluate extraction efficiency of seven chemical extractants via the correlation with the potassium taken up by barley crop. Four of these extractants were: BaCl2, CaCl2, MgCl2 and NaC l; the remaining three were: CH3COONH4, NH4HCO3, NH4HCO3 + DTPA. The study was performed by the application of four levels of potassium sulfate fertilizer (41.5 % K): 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg K ha-1 in four replicates using RCBD design . At the end of the agricultural season, soil available potassium was extracted using these extractants. Plant samples (straw+ cereal) were digested to test K taken up by plants. Results indicated: that available potassium increased potassium uptake in both soils with increasing of amount potassium fertilizer applied. Results of the study also showed differences in extractants efficiency in both soils textures through correlation between K extracted and absorbed. All chlorides extractants except Barium chloride have shown superiority on ammoniac extractants in fine texture soil while the ammoniac extractants except CH3COONH4 showed superiorityon chloride extractants in coarse texture soil.The efficiency of the extractants in soils were as follows: in coarse soils NH4HCO3+DTPA > CaCl2 > NH4HCO3 >MgCl2, in fine soils NaCl > MgCl2 = CaCl2> CH3COONH4 This study concluded that calcium chloride extractants had good efficiency in both soils, followed by magnesium chloride extractant.

A field experiment was carried out in the spring season of 2016 in sedimentary soil (silty clay loam) in order to study the effect of adding different types of nitrogen fertilizer (urea, di- ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulphate) at level 200 kgN ha-1. Zinc fertilizer has been sprayed with concentrations (0, 20, 40 and 60) mg ZNL-1 on growth and yield of snake cucumber. The results showed a significant increase in ammonium sulphate fertilizer in plant length, dry weight, leaf area, early yield, plant yield and total yield. The results showed that the concentration of 60 mg L-1 was significantly higher in plant length, dry weight, early yield, plant yield and total yield.

Three different calcareous rocks consist mainly of calcite C, dolomite D and its combination C,D were chosen. Rocks Samples Were treated with different concentration of salt Soluations, included CaCl2 (0.2,0.05 molar) (applied to dolomite samples), MgCl2 (applied to calcite samples), and combination of these two salts which applied for both (D-Dolomite and C-Calcite). Other samples from carbonate minerals were treated and incubated with FeSO4.7H2O and Fe-EDDHA at 20Mg-1 mineral. These treated samples subjected to sequence of wetting and drying for 120 days under saturated CO2 atmosphere. At the end of incubation period these samples were air dried and used to conduct the following examinations by using solubility diagrams .Application of solubility diagrams of indicated that the solubility of CaCO3 minerals were controlled by calcite – dolomite and Ikite minerals. Whereas, the diagrams which consider the activity of Mg2+ against pH show that the solubility– precipitation reaction of magnesium carbonate minerals where controlled by calcite– dolomite and Ikite minerals. On other side Sidrate FeCO3 Minerals controlled solubility of different source of iron (FeSO4.7H2O + Fe-EDDHA) in cubated with carbonate minerals.

Corn is one of the major crops of industrial and food importance. Corn is mainly grown for domestic consumption of the production of corn flakes, starch export, and corn seeds are used for baking when mixed with wheat flour, The average production and cultivated area of the corn crop in Iraq for the period (1970-2014) reached (210042.431 tons), (342,974,866 acres), respectively, It accounts for (8%, 3%) of the total production and areas cultivated with grain crops. The productivity rate was (555.7 kg / Acres), which accounted for 32% of the grain production in Iraq, Which is a good percentage after the yield of the bear compared to the yield of wheat and barley. The objective of this study was to measure the effect of price and non-price changes on the area planted with corn crop for the period (1970-2014) by using ARDL models to test joint integration and estimate the short- and long-term equilibrium relationship. The main factors were identified for the respond to the presentation of the area cultivated with the wheat crop and there are (the area planted with wheat in Iraq for the previous year (acres), Price of wheat crop (Dinar / ton), The price of barley crop (Dinar / ton), Water discharge of tigirs and Euphrats Rivers (billion cubic meters), Productive risk, Price risk, dummy variable represented by years of war), The stability of the time series was revealed and it was obvious that there is instability of the time series of the area variable for the previous year, the price variable of the corn crop, the variable price of the competing crop and the price risk. After taking the first difference for those variables it became clear that this produce a stability in them without taking the second difference. Its noted that all transactions in the short term were highly significant except for the variable price of corn crop was not significant, The error correction coefficient (-1.09) is negative as expected and very significant, this means that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between the economic variables studied in the short term, the value of the error correction parameter (λ) means that there is a high speed in adjusting the short-term imbalance in the area planted with corn crop in the previous period (t-1) that can be corrected in the current period (t) In the direction of the long-term equilibrium relationship due to any (shock )or change in explanatory variables, where (λ) represents the speed or rate of correction of the error in the direction of return to the equilibrium situation and means that the area planted with corn crop takes about nine months or (0.91) year In the direction of its equilibrium value after the impact of any shock in the model due to the change in the explanatory variabless.

The wheat crop is a strategic crop associated with food security. In order to increase the quantity of wheat production to meet the needs of the country, it is necessary to know how to increase the productivity of the unit of area of the crop to reduce the importations. Wheat is implanted in Iraq in large areas, especially in the northern governorates. The quantity of production and productivity for that crop is still limited, Compared to other countries in the neighboring countries and other countries of the world, and often fill the deficit through the import since wheat is implanted in most of the world countries , the average productivity of the wheat crop in Iraq for the period (1970 - 2014) amounted to (258.3) kg / dunums, Which shows the abuse of cultivated areas The study were based on estimating the response function of wheat yield in Iraq using the ARDL for the evaluation of joint integration and the estimation of the short and long term equilibrium relationship. The main factors of the response to the produce of the area cultivated with wheat yield was organized as the area planted with wheat in Iraq for the previous year (dunums), the price of the wheat crop (JD / ton), the barley price (JD / ton) and the water discharge of the tigirs and Euphrats rivers , Production risk, price risk and rain (mm) was done (The price of the wheat crop and the price of the competing crop, the barley, the price risk and the rain. Then Checking the stability of the time series of studied variables and the results showed a lack of stability of the variables (the price of wheat, the price of the rival barley crop, the price risk and rain). And that the presence of unstable variables mean the existence of a false decline so it was taking the first difference to her, and through the Wald-statistic test turned out to be there is a common integration between the studied variables, and its noted that all transactions in the short term was significantly high degree except rain variable was not significant, the error correction parameter value amounted to (-0.594), means that about 59% of short-term imbalance in the cultivated wheat crop area In the Previous period (t-1) can be corrected in the current period (t) toward a long-term relationship equilibrium

The cultivars planted are considered one of the important factors affecting the wheat production which work on increasing the productivity of the area unit. Therefore, the research aimed to measure the production efficiency of the exported Turkish wheat cultivar (ADNA 99) in comparing with Iraqi cultivar (IPa 99) for 2014-2015 seasons (Wasit governorate as a case study), based on the field data of a random sample from 84 farms in Wasit. The results showed the effect of the cultivar on the productivity and the inputs used via using the analysis of variance, it showed there is no significant differences between the two cultivars, in addition we have estimated the technical efficiency and the resources aechiving it were measured via using the Data Envelopment Analysis method of output oriented assuming variable return to scale which is in average were (0.69, 0.73) for (ADNA99) and (IPa 99) cultivars respectivly, in addition the results showed there is a waste in all the resources used. As a result there is no significant differences between the two cultivars, as well as the convergence of the results of technical efficiency and size resources achiving if therefore we recommend there is no need to import the cultivars (ADNA 9956) as well we recommend to indicative awareness to reduce wastage of resources using in production.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of some biological agents like commertial product Richarge which contained basically from Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisoplae in addition to fungal isolate of Lecanilicium lecanii and Metarizhium spp. and insecticide Telstar at field experiment. The infestation percentage on cucumber fruits was very high 100% in all treatment at the beginning of fruit formation during 1st week of October 2015, meanwhile its reached the lowest level on third week of October were 18.67% in Recharge, 28% in Meta 107 and 37.33% in the control. The results showed that the number of infested fruits was reduced in next harvesting from 25 infested fruits until reached 4.67, 4.67, 6.33, 7, 7, 7 and 7.67 infested fruit/ sample for Recharge, Meta 107, Meta 105 ، Telstar ، Lecani 107 ، Lecani 105 and control respectively after five weeks of control that because of effect of biological and chemical agents in pest population reduction which approved by increasing of fungal colonies forming units (CFU). Treatment with Recharge had a rule in crop saved reached 16.37% from total crop harvest.

This study aims to investigate the effect of the fortification of soft white Iraqi cheese with some zinc salts at different levels include 100 and 200 mg.kgˉ¹ from zinc sulphate and zinc acetate, on Nitrogen materials and some rheological properties of the soft white cheese during the storage for 14 days. The results indicated that there was no significant effects for cheese fortification with zinc salts on the percentage of Nitrogen materials during all storage periods. There was non-significant increase the nitrogen materials in the cheese of the control treatment in comparison to the zinc fortified treatments. The results indicate a significant decrease in the values of cheese brightness of the fortified treatments. Also, zinc fortification caused a significant increase in the value of cheese compaction a compare to the control treatment.

This research was conducted to study the exploitation of speed and working width for different tractors with best performance rate and lower costs, and study of the efficiency and amount disbursed energy. The research was conducted in the Dibs region in Kirkuk governorate in September 2015, in two different locations of the soil texture, Randomized complete block design by split split plot system with three replications and Duncan test were used to compare the means of treatment at 5%. The results showed the best quadrate interaction which achieved the best technical results, economically and indicators of the power indicators in speed (6.24Km / h) and working width (120cm) with three tractors in the first location where it was found that the tractor size (82KW) have achieved higher value of effective field capacity of (0.529 ha / h) and less fuel consumption at a rate (14.37L / ha) and the soil distribution volume was (1052m3 / ha) and with the least specific resistance (55.41kN / m2) and with highest efficiency to exploit and the amount of spent energy of ( 18.04mj / ha) with less energy requirements (32.05KW.h / ha) and highest the specific energy efficiency (SEE) (76.87%) and lowest value of amount of spent energy (599mj / ha), followed by the tractor (67KW) and then tractor (56KW), while outperformed tractor (56 KW) superiority recorded the highest power delivery efficiency at a rate of (34.64%) and lower costs of plowing (40642 ID / ha), followed by the tractor (67kw) while registered tractor (82KW) less the value of the power delivery efficiency at a rate of (24.68%) and the highest costs to the process of plowing at a rate (75.295ID / ha), apparently through these results that the tractor (82KW) is the best productive and technically taking into account the size of the agricultural lands and irrigation method to complete the work on time has been shown through the study of productivity and the technical and economic specifications possibility of reaching a better productivity and better performance at the lowest costs.

A field experiment was carried out at the College of Agriculture, Duhok University to study the effect of phosphorous levels (25, 30, and 35) kg P ha-1 in addition to control treatment and five wheat varieties (SDRAA-1, Sham-4, Maxipak, Abugraib-3, and JAWA-13) on yield and yield components of cultivated studied wheat varieties in calcareous soil during winter season (2014- 2015). The experiment units were laid out in the factorial arrangement using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results revealed that wheat varieties were significantly affected on plant height, protein percent, leaf area, date of flowering, grain weight spik-1, No. of grain spike-1, 1000- grain weight, chlorophyll, harvest index, and grain yield. While the phosphorous levels exhibited significant effects on grain weight spike-1, number of grain spike-1, harvest index, and grain yield. While the interaction between phosphorous and varieties, show significant effects. The variety JAWA-13 was superior in traits of protein content, phosphorous concentration, harvest index, grain weight.